Synthesis of Nanomaterials: "This is a top-down approach. This method produced nanoparticles with magnetic and catalytic properties. Ball milling and subsequent annealing are simple methods for producing large quantities of different Nano powders. Atomic-level alloying is accomplished by milling elemental blends, pre-alloyed powders, and ceramics. Put four hardened steel balls in a stainless steel container filled with graphite powder. According to Shah and Ahmad (2010), argon gas is used to purge the container. Following extensive grinding, the pieces are annealed under vacuum at 1400°C. There has been no breakthrough in determining the mechanism underlying this procedure. According to this concept, mechanical alloying is a process in which "ball impacts repeatedly shatter an alloy and then cause it to congregate at the impact site. Since then, Mg2Ni has been manufactured using a solid-state mechanical alloying technique with powdered components (Iturbe-Garca et al., 2010). Nanoscale materials have sparked a lot of interest because their unusual physical properties distinguish them significantly from their more common coarser counterparts (Mandal et al., 2008; Deb et al., 2001). These micro-sized objects are larger than atoms and molecules but significantly smaller than solid blocks. Simply because "they violate the laws and principles of absolute quantum chemistry and classical physics." Nano-phase and nanostructure materials are essential building blocks in many fields, including electronics, because of their ultra-small dimensions, large surface areas, useful interfacial defects, and interface-dominated nature. Optics, pharmaceuticals, paint, coatings, superconductors, semiconductors, and catalysis are some of the fields covered. Dye and pigment consumption has risen dramatically in recent years (Dong et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2010). Dye waste is a well-known environmental pollutant, with some of it toxic or even carcinogenic (Wang et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2012). These colors are highly visible in water even at low concentrations and should be avoided (Hu et al., 2010). Chromophores give a molecule its color, while auxochromes make it more water-soluble and increase its affinity. These two elements are the primary reason why molecules of color can exist (Gupta et al., 2009).

Semiconductors, Nanostructured Materials, Atoms and Molecules